英语翻译Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can improve performance

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英语翻译Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can improve performance

英语翻译Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can improve performance
英语翻译
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school.Cognitive resear-chers,who study various aspects of mental life,maintain that rewards often destroycreativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters,especially among educators.But the careful use of small monetary rewards speaks creativity in grade-school children,suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness,according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“ If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity.”says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delacare in Newark.“But it is easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students.Eisenberger holds.As an example of the latter point,he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restor falling grades.
In earlier grades,the use of so-called token economics,in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards,shows promise in raising effort and creativity,the Delaware psycholoist claims.

英语翻译Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can improve performance
心理学家通过从另一个相反的角度来观察外部奖励对动力和创造力的影响.这些奖励包括从热心的鼓励到冷冷的金钱等等方式.而行为学家是研究行动和行动所带来的结果之间的关系的一群人.他们认为,奖励可以改善我们在工作和学习时的表现.认知研究者们则是通过对精神生活的种种方面的研究,得出另一种结果:通过鼓励、信靠、赞许以及从别人那儿得到赠礼等方式的奖励往往破坏了创造力.
后一种观点得到了很多的支持者,尤其是得到了教育学家们的支持.但是适量的金钱奖励却证明了对小学生的创造力有帮助.根据《人格和社交心理学的六月日记》介绍,适量的礼物刺激确实有助于孩子的发明创造能力.
“如果孩子们知道他们是为了一个奖励而工作,并且他们能够集中精力在一个具有相对挑战性的任务时,他们就能发挥出最大的创造力.”Newark Delacare大学的Robert Eisenberger如此说道.“但是,当孩子们表现差时仍然给予奖励或者当他们太多的时候预料到不可能拿到奖励时,这将很容易扼杀了他们的创造力.”某位老师这样说道.这位老师或许一直在注意奖励的问题,或许他曾把高分判给了一个很普通的成绩,而以学生未被启发而告终.Eisenberger停了停.作为后者的一个典型例子,他发现,在大多数大学中,越来越多的努力使得分级标准越来越紧,从而导致成绩下降的现象不断出现.
Delaware州的心理学家声称,在初期的几个年级中,所谓的象征经济学的运用,表现了在提升成就和创造力方面的承诺.在这个学科中,学生需要掌控具有挑战性的问题,并且得到一定的奖励.这些奖励是基于表现情况而定的.

心理学家们对于这个问题存在争议:外界的报偿,由温暖的赞扬到冰冷的硬币,是如何影响动力和创造力的。研究行为与其后果之间的关系的行为主义者认为,报偿能增加工作和学习的成绩。研究各方面精神生活的认知主义研究者认为,报偿经常打消创造能力,因为鼓励了对别人给予肯定和赠品的依赖。
后一种观点赢得了很多支持者,尤其是教育工作者。但是谨慎使用下的小额金钱报偿在中小学孩子们的创造性上起了作用,证明适当地使...

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心理学家们对于这个问题存在争议:外界的报偿,由温暖的赞扬到冰冷的硬币,是如何影响动力和创造力的。研究行为与其后果之间的关系的行为主义者认为,报偿能增加工作和学习的成绩。研究各方面精神生活的认知主义研究者认为,报偿经常打消创造能力,因为鼓励了对别人给予肯定和赠品的依赖。
后一种观点赢得了很多支持者,尤其是教育工作者。但是谨慎使用下的小额金钱报偿在中小学孩子们的创造性上起了作用,证明适当地使用刺激确实能辅助创造性,根据发表在《人格与社会心理学》六月刊的一篇研究中的观点。
'如果孩子们知道他们为了一个奖励努力,并且能集中精力在一个相对有挑战性的任务上,他们显示出最多的创造力。' Newark的Delacare大学的 罗伯特 艾森伯格说。“一个老师如果持续用奖励引起注意或者给一般的成绩判上高分,他最终会得到无想象力的学生。”罗伯特 艾森伯格 说。为了给后面一点举个例证,他指出很多重点大学正在努力收紧评分标准并重设及格线。在低一些的年级使用所谓的“代币经济”,即学生们对付有挑战性的问题并得到以表现为评判标准的分数,从而获得标价的奖励,这种方式显示出了提高努力程度和创造性的作用,这位Delaware大学的心理学家声称。

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心理学家反对外部奖励,无论是热情洋溢的赞誉还是冰冰冷冷的钱币,对动机和创造力会产生影响的这种说法。研究行为极其结果的行为学家们辩称奖励确实可以改善工作和学习的表现。研究各种意识状态的认识过程研究者们持有的观点是:奖励通常会使人对他人的认同和礼品产生依赖,从而催毁人的创造力。最后一种观点得到了很多人的支持,特别是教育者们的支持。但是,根据六月份“人格和社会心理学”期刊上的一则调查,对小额金钱奖励的妥...

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心理学家反对外部奖励,无论是热情洋溢的赞誉还是冰冰冷冷的钱币,对动机和创造力会产生影响的这种说法。研究行为极其结果的行为学家们辩称奖励确实可以改善工作和学习的表现。研究各种意识状态的认识过程研究者们持有的观点是:奖励通常会使人对他人的认同和礼品产生依赖,从而催毁人的创造力。最后一种观点得到了很多人的支持,特别是教育者们的支持。但是,根据六月份“人格和社会心理学”期刊上的一则调查,对小额金钱奖励的妥善使用在中小学生中显示出了对创造力的增进,表明合理使用的刺激确实对促进创造力有所帮助。
“如果孩子们知道他们是为了奖励而付出努力,并且能够把注意力集中到一个相对有挑战性的任务上,这是,他们就显示出极强的创造力。” 地处Newark的Delacare大学的Robert Eisenberger说道,“但是如果给没有表现得很好的人奖励或者是使人对奖励产生过多的期待。”Eisenberger认为,一个只注重给予奖励或者给普通的表现很高的分数的老师,最终只会教出没有创造力的学生。 为说明后一个观点,他举例说,重点大学正在不断施力,提高打分标准,重设及格分数。
这位Delaware大学的心理学家说:“在低年级,所谓的‘代金券经济’的运用过程中,学生们处理具有挑战性的问题,然后根据其表现进行打分颁奖。这种过程表明了‘代金券经济’能够鼓励学生动手和激发其创造性的可能性。”

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心理学家持有相反的观点的外部奖励如何从赞许到现金,影响学习动机和creativity.Behaviorists、行为与结果之间的关系的奖励能提高工作和学习表现。认知resear-chers,学习各方面的精神生活,维护,奖励通常通过鼓励依赖destroycreativity批准和礼物。
后一种观点的支持者们得到了众多,尤其是在教育者。但要谨慎使用小型货币报酬讲创造力,暗示grade-sc...

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心理学家持有相反的观点的外部奖励如何从赞许到现金,影响学习动机和creativity.Behaviorists、行为与结果之间的关系的奖励能提高工作和学习表现。认知resear-chers,学习各方面的精神生活,维护,奖励通常通过鼓励依赖destroycreativity批准和礼物。
后一种观点的支持者们得到了众多,尤其是在教育者。但要谨慎使用小型货币报酬讲创造力,暗示grade-school儿童(刺激)的诱因正确地援助创造力,根据确实在六月份公布的一项研究刊物《人格与社会心理学。
“如果孩子们知道他们的工作报酬并能集中在一个相对具有挑战性的工作,他们最具创造力。”说大学的罗伯特·埃森博格在新泽西州。”但Delacare很容易抹杀创造性表现不佳而被给予奖励或者创造太多的期望。”老师奖励的不断关注到奖励或分发给普通成就students.Eisenberger平凡的结束了。作为一个例子,后者的观点,他成长的大学所做的努力加强分级标准和电阻上学习成绩下降。
在低年级使用所谓的象征,经济学,解决问题,得到基于价值的奖励,在提高了和创造力,特拉华psycholoist索赔。

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