英语翻译3.Method and data3.1.Data collectionWe targeted middle-ranking managers in subsidiaries of MNCs to provide data on corporate culture anddecentralization variables and used a questionnaire survey for this.We complemented this with secondar

英语翻译3.Method and data3.1.Data collectionWe targeted middle-ranking managers in subsidiaries of MNCs to provide data on corporate culture anddecentralization variables and used a questionnaire survey for this.We complemented this with secondar
英语翻译
3.Method and data
3.1.Data collection
We targeted middle-ranking managers in subsidiaries of MNCs to provide data on corporate culture and
decentralization variables and used a questionnaire survey for this.We complemented this with secondary data on
Hofstede dimensions for each of the home and host countries represented in the sample.Middle-ranking subsidiary
managers are in an ideal position to experience decentralization within their local subsidiary.However,suchmanagers are
notably difficult to access and elicit responses from.We therefore decided to use a purposive networking approach to
gaining access and building a sample frame.This enabled respondents to be identified and qualified in terms of their role
and level within the MNC subsidiary,and also allowed their experience of the international environment of the MNC,
including experience of the headquarters-subsidiary relationship,to be assessed.The background to the survey was also
discussed,encouraging response accuracy by reducing interpretation problems.We received 119 usable questionnaires.
This sample covered 15 countries of origin,18 host countries and 16 distinct industries.One weakness of previous studies
inMNC subsidiary research has been a focus onmanufacturing industries (Boojihawon et al.,2007).Service industry MNCs
accounted for 61.3% of our sample.The sample consisted of well-known diversified MNCs as well as lesser known,more
specializedMNCs.In terms of number of employees,25 cases (21.0%) hadmore than 100,000 employees at the time of the
questionnaire response,34 (28.6%) had less than 5000 employees.In terms of tenure and experience of the respondent
within the MNC,55 respondents (46.2%) indicated that they had greater than 5 years tenure within their MNC and 41
respondents (34.5%) indicated that they had experienced an international placement within theirMNC lastingmore than 3
months.Respondent functions included country managers,sales directors,marketing directors,engineering and project
managers,internal strategy consultants,and training managers.Table 1 shows headquarter (home) countries and the
subsidiary (host) countries of the respondents.
The questionnaire consisted of original Likert style statements against which respondents answered on a 5-point
scale (anchored as:1 = disagree strongly,5 = agree strongly).Scales representing the key variables of interest were built
from these items and guidelines suggest by Nunnally (1978) used to assess reliability.Cronbach alphas were acceptable
and consistent with recent studies using scales to assess integrative mechanisms in MNCs (e.g.Persson,2006).

英语翻译3.Method and data3.1.Data collectionWe targeted middle-ranking managers in subsidiaries of MNCs to provide data on corporate culture anddecentralization variables and used a questionnaire survey for this.We complemented this with secondar
3．方法和数据
3.1 数据采集
我们通过问卷调查的形式挑选MNC的分支机构的中层管理者提供关于公司文化和权力下放变量的数据.我们用这些样本代表母国和东道国的次级数据完成Hofstede的各个文化维度.分支机构的中层管理者是在本地分支机构中实践权力下放的理想职位.然而,这些管理者最难于接受访谈并进行反馈收集的.于是我们决定使用一个专用的网络途径来进行访谈并建立一个样本构架.这使得我们可以从MNC的分支机构的职责和级别方面来识别和评估受访者,并容许访谈涉及到他们在MNC的国际环境下的经验,包括总部和分支机构的关系方面的经验.调查的背景也是经过仔细推敲,降低翻译错误以提高反馈的准确性.我们共收回了119份有效问卷.样本涉及15个母国,18个东道国以及16个不同行业.之前对MNC的分支机构研究有一个不足之处,往往关注制造行业(Boojihawon et al.,2007).在我们的样本中服务性MNC占61.3%.样本包括著名的多元化MNC以及一些不太出名但更为专业化的MNC.从员工数量来看,在问卷调查时有25例（21.0%）拥有超过100,000员工,34例（28.6%）拥有少于5000员工.从受访者在MNC的任期和经验来看,55位受访者（46.2%）表示他们在其所在的MNC任期超过5年,41位受访者（34.5%）表示在其MNC中经历过超过3个月的国际性职位.受访者的职务包括国家经理,销售总监,市场总监,工程和项目经理,内部策略顾问以及培训经理.表1显示的是受访者的总部（母）国和分支机构（东道）国.问卷包括Likert量表形式的陈述,而由访谈者以5分制进行回答（评分标准：1分= 强烈反对,5分=强烈同意）.代表关键变量的分数是根据Nummally（1978）建议用来考核可靠性的相关条件和指导建立起来的.在近来对MNC的考核综合机制的研究表明Cronbach系数也是可接受的,具有一致性.（例如 Persson,2006）